EIGHTH VOYAGE FROM ADEN TO GUJERAT.

If you start from Aden, you go true east till you lose sight of the mountains of Aden; you continue to hold the same route a day and a night, then E. by N., till the Southern wind sets in, then E. N. E. if possible, and if not, you follow the above course and go then E. N. E.; if there be little motion with the Awelama (?) there is no harm in it; if a closer course is pursued you side to E. by N. and return from thence again to E. N. E. till the measure is equal; in this measure Lyra¹ is five inches, or Sagitta six inches, or Canopus and Lyra are equal to three inches and a half. Under this measure (height) you see in the sea frequently sea snakes, which ought to be taken care of, as it is a good sign; if you do not see them follow your way in the direction right east till you see them, and then change again your course to E. by N. till you see land. The best rule is to trust to the soundings and not to the sea-snakes, which, if they prove true, show themselves twice and thrice a day. Be it known, that sometimes in the monsoon Damani the ship is thrown by the current towards the Persian shore like mount Koholad Dabbaghat; at this time the ship finds itself in the barbarian channel; there great precaution is necessary against the whirlpools; besides this place there are such between Gujerat and Sind in the gulph Jakad, where the wind blows continually from the sea, and the current comes from the shore, so that waves and contrary currents are not wanting, and a ship falling in with them runs great risk to be lost, if it is not saved by the grace of God; so it is necessary to avoid these places. You must turn from the Persian shore to the Arabian, and steer N. N. E. and N. E. by N. till you are out of reach of this dangerous place, after which you steer again E.N.E. Know that the wind of Canopus (S.S.E.) is not to be trusted till the pole is made with six inches or six inches and a quarter; the flood runs then true E. The signs of a tempest are great distress, and the summer birds called in Yaman, tijam, also the birds bani safaf and amm ul sanani; these birds keep them to the shore, flying in the summer on the sea; sometimes you see them till where the pole is made with nine inches (Lat. 19°54’).

—JASB. v (1836) pp. 456-57.

FOURTEENTH VOYAGE, FROM ADEN TO MONEMBAR, (MALABAR).

The course is the same which has been already mentioned before from Aden to Gujarat; you go on till the pole marks six inches and a half or seven inches;² if from thence you can go tacking, you go in the direction of E. by S. or true east; if it is impossible to keep this course, your way is E. by N. till the pole is made by seven inches and half or eight inches; from thence you follow the direction E. by S. till the pole is made with six inches,³ then true east till land is in sight, which is A’zadiw⁴ or a place near it; you steer then towards the shore; what is meant by the inches, assaba, and the pole or polar star jah has been explained in the former chapters.

—ib. p. 458.

TWENTIETH VOYAGE, FROM DABUL TO THE ISLANDS OF DIB.

You follow first the direction W.S.W. till you lose the shore, from thence to Daira S.W. by W. till land is in sight; from thence S.S.E. till the pole comes to three inches, from thence to the south pole and S.S.W. till the Farkadain ($\beta$ and $\gamma$ in the little bear) are marked by eight inches and a half; from thence true west to Foyuka or its neighbourhood. Mark what has been said above; till land is in sight steering S.W. by W., that means, that the land is at hand. Be it known to you that in some of the islands of the Maldives the inhabitants hunt with dogs, bred to the purpose, the Orang-ootang (Nisnaus) and eat it. The Nisnaus is an animal resembling a monkey, but endowed with speech; but generally monkeys are also called Nisnaus. I have heard from the brother of Janum Hamza, the late Intendant of Egypt, that coming one day on commercial business at the extremity of Yaman to a walled village, he alighted at a house where two boys lying on the ground were crying, and that out of commiseration he untied their fetters. The master of the house, returning, laughed at it, and said, these are Nisnaus, which we hunt. The next day the master of the house took his disbelieving guest with him, and he saw the Nisnaus hunted by dogs. Some Nisnaus emerge from the sea, their flesh is a great dainty; that they are endowed with the power of speech is even recorded in the books of philosophers .

—ib. pp. 461-62.

TWENTY-SIXTH VOYAGE, FROM CALICUT TO KARDAFUN.

If you sail from Calicut with a favourable wind, steer W. by S. and sometimes W.S.W. so you come to the island Kolfaini;⁵ if at this time, that is to say, on the 140th day of the Yazdajerdian year, which the fifth of Jelalian (March), the sea shuts, the flood runs at this time N.N.W. from thence you direct your course to the south pole, and go tacking if the flood runs to the south pole, but if the wind falls lower, then this course to S.W., S.W. by S. and S.S.W, you may follow it a day and a night without inconvenience. If it should fall yet lower, turn and steer to the north pole or near it, particularly if the pole is made by less than three inches (lat. 10°), because it is profitable to be then high north, and the wind grows favourable; if it be already so, you run from Calicut till Kolfaini two zams in the direction of W. by S., then eight of nine zams W.S.W. then you may rejoice, as you have got clear of the islands of Ful, from thence W. by N. and W.N.W. till the pole is four inches and a quarter, and then true west to Kardafun. Calicut is famous for its pepper plantations: its Prince is the Saumeru who is at war with the Portuguese. On these coasts are a great number of elephants employed in dragging ships, launching them into the sea, and similar doings.

—ib. p. 465.

TWENTY-SEVENTH VOYAGE, FROM DIU TO MALACCA.

Leaving Diu you go first S.S.E. till the pole is five inches, and side then towards the land, till the distance between it and between the ship is six zams; from thence you steer S.S.E., because in the neighbourhood of Ceylon, the sea runs high, the further you keep off the more quiet the sea grows; you must not side all at once but by degrees, first till the farkadain ($\beta$ and $\gamma$ in the little bear) are made by a quarter less than eight inches, from thence to S.E. till the farkadain are seven inches and a quarter, from thence true east at a rate of 18 zams, then you have passed Ceylon. The sign of Ceylon being near is continual lightning, be it accompanied by rain or without rain; so that the lightning of Ceylon is grown proverbial for a liar. After having passed Ceylon you go E.N.E. and E. by N. till the pole is made by two inches, from thence true E. till to the island of Sarjal which is one of the Najbari (Nicobarian) islands. After having left it behind you steer E. by S. till land is in sight, you go along it to the islands Falusanbilen which are nine islands;7 from thence to the south pole. At your right some islands are seen at a distance, so you go towards the south pole till you come to the islands to Folodjora⁶ which appear near, from thence E.S.E. where the sea is more than ten fathoms, if it be 11 or 12 never mind, because after 12 is the deep sea, and you are clear of the Shob Kafaussi. You go till mount Folupasalar is opposite, N.E. till the soundings give 24 fathoms, because there is a bent shab running out in the sea, which is to be taken care of—wherefore your course must be followed always in a depth of 24 fathoms till you see the mount Folupasalar N.N.E.; then you steer towards the land and Diaraibarra (E.N.E.) till Malacca. The inhabitants of Shuli⁷(?) go from Falusanbilen two zams to the south pole.

—ib. pp. 465-66.

TWENTY-EIGHTH VOYAGE FROM DIU TO SHATIJAM,⁸ I.E., TO BENGAL.

Sailing from Diu, your course, till you have left Ceylon behind you, is the same as the above mentioned, then you steer N.E. Ceylon remaining on the western side; then N.E. by N. till you come opposite to Rakanj,⁹ where the pole is made with a quarter wanting to nine, and the Aselli scarce with six inches; if in this course you see land it is well; if not, steer E.N.E. till the pole is nine inches and a half, so you come to the island of Dardiw. If you see it at this time it is well, if not go right east till you see land, but take care of Fesht Hayumiun,¹⁰ which is a desert rock, round which the water is twenty fathoms deep; take care also of Dardiw¹¹ where the water is but five fathoms. If Rakanj is in sight, go N.N.W. with 25 fathoms of water. At this time Hayumiun remains on your right, of which great care is to be taken. After having passed it you approach the land till your soundings give 16 fathoms, and with this course you come to Dardiw; after having left it behind you go with 12 fathoms depth N.N.W., there you come to a great Khur (?) called Bakal, and then five capes which are taken for islands by those who don’t know them; then comes a Ghobba, that is to say, a gulf full of shallows, shoals and breakers; this place is called Kakar Diwa,¹² then you come to the island Zenjilia¹³ which is facing you, your way lies N.N.W. When you approach this Island, side to the sea, because its southern cape is rikk, that is to say, a shallow, and the colour of the water grows white; meanwhile, on the sea side it is seen green. Hold that course, and you will find better soundings by degrees till you come to 17 and 18 fathoms. Coming to this place you find the water again whitish, these shallows are on the south side of Fesht Gurian, which is a desert place; here the sea is noisy, don’t keep either too near to the island of Zenjilia, nor too far from it but steer a middle course; if the soundings give 18 fathoms or near it, you have passed Zenjilia; then you go in the direction of the north-pole, and continue to take soundings till you come to seven fathoms; from thence you steer in the direction of the north pole, and to the rising place of the $\beta$ and $\gamma$ of the little bear, till your soundings are six fathoms but not less. So you come to cape KHur which is Shatijam. Here you stop till the rebban (tide) come, with which you enter the port. Bengal is abundant in ivory and ebony; the finest muslin turbans, the very best jutar,¹⁴ and most precious Indian stuffs come from thence; the finest muslin sashes are called malmal, and the most precious of them malmali-shahi, which by confusion is generally named marmare-shahi (royal marble); there are also sea-bulls, the best of them are found between Bengal and Delhi in the interior lake; they are called sea bulls, although they don’t live in the sea, but in the interior lakes on the land; but the merchants call them so; for in the interior northern lakes, in the mountains of the Afghans, are also found the rhinoceros (Karkadan, the name quite the same as the Krokotos of Ctesias), but their horns are but two palms long; it is related that those which are found in Abyssinia have much longer horns. Giraffes are found but in Abyssinia and never in India.

—JASB. v. (1836), pp. 466-67.

ADDENDA

I

The following notice of Ma Twan-lin (middle of the thirteenth century A.D.) is worth noting along with the passage from Pan Kou reproduced in extract II above:

HOANG-TCHI

The kingdom of Hoang-tchi sent, for the first time, some ambassadors at the time of Han and since the reign of Emperor Ou-ti¹⁵ regularly paid the visit of homage. It is situated at (a distance of) 30.000 li to the south of Hopou and Ji-nan.¹ Its customs resembled those of the country of Tchu-yai.² It furnished beautiful pearls, lieouli, fine stones, and many curious things. Pearls which are nearly two tsun³ in circumference are found there, and others smaller, with a perfect roundness, which when laid on a polished surface, keep moving the whole day, before coming to a standstill.

—Ethnographie, Meridionaux, ed. Hervey de Saint-Denys, pp. 412-13.

II

The long notice on the Cōḷa country in Ma Twan-lin is well worth comparing with that of Chau Ju-kua (ante pp. 141-7). The two accounts have much in common, but there are also important differences which go to show the diverse character of the sources the two authors drew upon for composing their accounts:

TCHU-LIEN

On the eastern side, this kingdom is 5000 li along the seaboard. On the western side 1500 li separate it from Western India (Tien-tcho). On the southern side, it is situated 2,500 li from Lo-lan; and on the northern side 3,000 li from Tuntien. It had no communication with China in the olden days. In order to go there, setting out from Kouangtcheou, it is necessary to go by sea a distance of nearly 411,400 li.

The capital of Tchu-lien has seven enclosing walls, with a height of seven tchi, and a hundred paces apart from one another. The outermost enclosure has a diameter of twelve li from south to north, and seven li from east to west. The first four walls are built of brick; the two following are of mud, and that of the interior is of wood. All are covered with espaliers, or decorated with flowers. The first three enclosures are occupied by the people and include numerous water courses. The fourth enclosure contains the houses of four great officers. The fifth enclosure belongs to the sons of the king. In the sixth is a temple of Buddha, served by hundred Buddhist priests. Finally the seventh contains the palace of the king, or royal town, comprising more than four hundred buildings. The towns of the second order are thirty-one in number, twelve to the west of the royal residence, eight to the south, and eleven to the north. The reigning dynasty has occupied the throne for three generations.⁴

The administration of justice is entrusted by the king to one of his four great officers. Those who have committed offences are put in fetters and receive from fifty to a hundred strokes with rods. The criminals are beheaded or crushed under the feet of an elephant.

During feasts, the king and the four great officers salute each other, crossing their hands, and inclining the body like the Buddhist priests; then they all sit together. They eat meat, but they do not drink wine. They have different sorts of soups, cakes and particular dishes of very good taste. They wear cotton clothes. The feast is accompanied by music, singing and dances. The service is done by women.

For marriages, the suitor sends at first a mediatrix to the family of the young girl, whom he courts, offering her a ring of gold or silver. Three days after, the relatives of the young man, join and consult together to determine if they could, according to their resources, give to the new household some fields, domestic animals, or only palm wine and some areca nuts and so on. From their side, the future relations send to the fiancé some gold or silver rings; some pieces of cloth; and some beautiful clothes for his wife. These preliminaries ended, if the young man refuses to marry the young girl, he should send back the tokens of betrothal that he has received, and if it is the young girl who wishes to retract, she ought to restore twice the presents she has accepted.

When war is carried on, the order of battle is as follows: In the front rank are placed the elephants, behind the elephants are the lightly armed men, protected with small shields; then soldiers armed with lances having points resembling the weaver’s shuttle; then the infantry handling long swords; and lastly the archers forming the rear guard. The four great officers command all the available forces by divisions. About 2500 li to the south-east of the kingdom of Tchu-lien is the kingdom of Si-lantchi. War sometimes breaks out between these two countries. Tchu-lien produces pearls, coral, crystal, areca-nuts, nutmeg, cotton ki-pei, etc. Elephants, goats, oxen, pheasants, parrots; a lot of white jasmine and a quantity of other flowers, are also found there. Its fruits are the jujube, cocoanut palm, plum tree, jack, etc. The inhabitants cultivate the legumes, green and black, as well as many sorts of grains, notably wheat and rice. The bamboo thrives on their soil.

This kingdom which in antiquity never had communications with the Empire, sent ambassadors for the first time under the dynasty of Song. They arrived at the ninth moon, of the eighth year ta-tchong-siang-fou (1009); the chief of them, named Chali-san-ouen, was one of the four great officers of the reigning king Lo-tcha-lo-tcha. Then came a second ambassador named Pou-kia-sin and two councillors whose names were Ong-ou-fang and Ya-kin-kia. These strangers brought a letter from their sovereign for the Emperor, with the presents offered as tribute. They advanced right up to the steps of the throne, and there deposited these pearls and precious stones, on a tray, and drawing back to the furthest end of the hall of audience, made two deep bows. The interpreter explained that they meant by that to show their respect and their attachment from far as well as from near.

The letter of the king was more or less to the following effect: “I, Lo-tcha-lo-tcha, your subject, I have learnt through a merchant vessel which visited my kingdom that the great dynasty of Song was ruling the Empire, that already two emperors of your race had occupied the throne, that to-day the mandate of Heaven has been gloriously acquired by you. Some words of antiquity which have happily come to me, have first of all inspired the desire to render homage to you.⁵ Soon, I knew that your beneficial influence extends far, that your subjects are very submissive, that your high merit surpasses that of all your predecessors. You practise justice; you maintain peace by the sole power of your virtue. You are strong and formidable; but you do not like to strike. Also, all the peoples turn towards you. You know to instruct the men and serve the Supreme Lord with a sincere piety. Your goodness extends even to the feeble reed; it reaches the fishes in the depths of the sea. That is why Heaven enlightens you, and protects you; that is why the graces descend on you, manifest, constant and brilliant. I, your subject, I am humble and small; I reside, as have resided my ancestors, in a barbarous town, very far from the shining light of Chinese civilization. I see in some way, by the light of candles. However the noise of your praises which fills the world, could not fail to move me. My age, the stretch of the seas which separate us, and the great difficulties on the route to traverse, do not permit me to go, in order to carry myself the tribute that I wish to offer you; but if it is forbidden me to contemplate from near and with my own eyes, the brilliance of your glory, I pour out, at least in this letter, the sincerity of my heart, and I send you respectfully the best products of my country. Just as ants are attracted by a sweet smell, as the sun-flower is drawn towards the sun as by an irresistible charm, so will be my envoys, to the number of fifty-two, arriving at the foot of your throne. I have ordered them to offer you a robe and cap decorated with pearls, pearls of different sizes weighing about 21,000 leang;¹⁶ sixty pieces of ivory and sixty pounds of incense.”

The ambassadors distributed besides, personally, their own presents, 6,600 leang of pearls and 3,300 pounds of perfumes.⁶

The words of antiquity to which the king Lo-tcha-lo-tcha made allusion in his letter were those which had been pronounced by the skipper of the foreign vessel which visited his kingdom who had said: “During these ten years, there have been no storms at sea.” The sense of these legendary words was that for ten years the Empire had for master a pious prince, endowed with all the virtues. Hence the desire of the king to send ambassadors to the court of China.

San Ouen⁷ and his suite, having navigated in the beginning during seventy-seven days and nights, and passed before the Isles No-ou-tan and Po-li-si-lan arrived at the kingdom of Tchen-pin. Pursuing their course, sailing night and day, and passing before the Isle Y-ma-lo-li, their vessel reached the coasts of the kingdom of Kou-lo after a sixty-one days’ journey. The kingdom of Kou-lo contains a high mountain called Kou-lo, to which it owes its name. Again sixty-one days and nights of navigation, and the voyagers, after having left behind them the Isles Kia-pa, Kou-po-lao, and Tcheou-pao-long, anchored on the shores of San-fo-tsi. Continuing to advance during eighteen days and nights, after traversing the mouth of the river Man-chan and coasting the Isles of Tien-cho, they found themselves, in sight of the Isle of Pin-teou-lang, and could see in the distance, about 100 li towards the east, the tomb of Si-ouang mou.⁸ They travelled again twenty days and twenty nights, passed the Islands of Yang-chan and Kieou-sing-chan, touched at the island of Pi-pa, and landed finally at the port Koung-tcheou (Canton) after a voyage of 1,150 days.

The Emperor issued instructions to receive them with the greatest regard and to accord to them the same honours as to the envoys of Kouei-tse for all that concerns the ceremonial of audience, the invitations to official dinners, etc. As they celebrated this year, the tenth anniversary of the coming of Tchin-tsong,⁹ San-Ouen, and his companions went to the Buddhist temple of Ki-ching-chen-youen, wishing to unite their prayers with those of the Buddhist priests who invoked Heaven to accord longevity to this prince.

In the fourth year tien-hi (1020), a second embassy from Tchu-lien entered the port of Kouang-tcheou. Hardly had he disembarked, the first ambassador named Pa-lan-te-molie died of an exhausting illness. The credentials brought by him were sent to the court. The Emperor responded giving orders to treat honourably all the strangers who formed the suite of the late ambassador, and send them away with very rich presents.

In the second year Ming-tao (1033), a new ambassador of Tchu-lien, arrived. He bore a letter from his sovereign written in characters of gold. He offered as tribute a dress, and a cap ornamented with pearls, hundred and five leang of pearls and hundred pieces of ivory. This ambassador declared that many embassies which had left his country to go to China had been surprised by storms at sea, and had perished along with their goods. He showed a great desire to be able to advance right up to the base of the Imperial throne to perform there, with the pearls of the first choice, the ceremony called Sa-tien.¹⁰ the greatest evidence of respect and attachment in his own view. The permission having been given him, he put his pearls on a silver tray which he raised above his head after kneeling down; then he spread them at the feet of the Emperor. This ambassador was called Pou-ya-toli. Honorary titles were given to him.

In the tenth year hi-ning (1077) envoys of Tchu-lien appeared again at the court. They were twenty-seven in number. They offered pearls as big as peas, a big piece of lieou-li, camphor, the teeth of rhinoceros, beautiful textiles, incense, diverse perfumes, essence of roses, medicinal plants, borax and spices. The chief among them, having accomplished the ceremony of Sa-tien, the Emperor conferred on him a very high title and caused to be given to him precious medicines from the Imperial pharmacy. The other envoys were gratified with numerous presents, consisting above all of silks, and this embassy bore for the king of Tchu-lien 81,800 strings of cash¹¹ with 52,000 taels of silver.¹²

In conclusion, if we wish to examine seriously all that is just related (according to the annals) on this kingdom of Tchu-lien, situated precisely at the distance of 411,400 li by sea from the port of Kouang-tcheou, the voyage to it requiring a navigation of 1,150 days, one will scarcely find three facts meriting to be put beyond doubt: to know that Tchu-lien was a country very far from China, that it has never communicated with the Empire in olden days, and that it offered for the first time the tribute in the middle of the years ta-tchong-siang-fou. As to the letter of the king Lo-tcha-lo-tcha, it suffices to note its elaborate style, full of phrases and rhetoric purely Chinese, without the least foreign turn of inspiration, to judge that it has not even been drawn up at some distance by one of those emigrated half-literate Chinese who possesses the Kao-kiu-li and the Kiao-tchi. It is the work of a veritable litterateur of the Empire, whose brush is exercised to embellish or rather disfigure an original document supposing that an original document existed.

—Ethnographie, Meridionaux, ed. Hervey de Sanit-Denys, pp. 571-82.

III

Ma Twan-lin on Nan-pi (Malabar) may also be compared with Chau Ju-kua’s account (pp. 137-40 above) :

NAN-PI

This kingdom is to the southwest. A month is needed to go there, setting out from San-fo-tsi, at a favourable time. There are always continual winds there. When the king wishes to go out, he sends in advance, a squad of more than hundred soldiers, under the direction of many officers, in order to water the ground and beat the dust on the road he is to traverse. The prince takes very choice food. He is served varied dishes by hundreds and (this happens) two times every day. One of the great dignitaries of the court has the high direction of his cuisines.

The inhabitants of Nan-pi are very warlike. They manage skilfully the sabre and the lance. They are shrewd archers. They know to mint and strike silver coins with alloy which bear the royal seal of the State and which serve as currency for commerce. They fish for pearls and make cotton cloth of all colours. Because of its distance, this country lived without any relation with China, when two merchants who were natives of the land and who were called Chi-lo-pa-tchi-li-yu, father and son, came to establish themselves in the centre of the town of Tsiouen-tcheou (of Fokien). After this, many Chinese vessels took the route to Nan-pi in order to carry on trade.

—Ethnographie, Meridionaux, ed. Hervey de Saint-Denys, pp. 587-88.

IV.

The following from Ibn Battūta should be read in continuation of XXX (B) at page 219:—

Of the false rumour which was spread on the death of the Sultan, and the flight of the Malik Hoshang.

As he returned to Daulat-a-bad, the sovereign was indisposed during the journey; the rumour ran among the people that he was dead. This news spread and was the cause of grave seditions. Malik Hoshang, son of Malik Kamāl-u-dīn Gurg, was then at Daulat-a-bad, and he had promised to the Sultan never to take the oath of obedience to any other than himself as long as the Sultan should live and even after his death. When he heard of the death of the sovereign he fled to an infidel prince named Burabrah who lived in inaccessible mountains between Daulat-a-bad and Koaken Tânah. The monarch was informed of his flight, and as he suspected trouble, he hastened to reach Daulat-a-bad. He followed Hoshang in his track and surrounded him with cavalry. He sent word to the Hindu prince to surrender him; but the latter refused saying, “I will not surrender my guest, not even when the consequence would be, as far as I am concerned, similar to what has happened to the king of Kanbilah.” However Hoshang was frightened about himself; he expedited a message to the Sultan, and they thought it expedient that the latter should return to Daulat-a-bad; that Quṭlu KHān, the preceptor of the Sultan, should remain in order that Hoshang may receive some sureties from him and come to Quṭlu KHān with a safe conduct. The Sultan left, and Hoshang conferred with the preceptor who promised him that the monarch would not kill him or lower his rank in any way. Then he set out with his goods, his family, his people and went to the Sultan; the latter rejoiced at his arrival; he clothed him with the robe of honour and thus gratified him.

—Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah ed. Defrémery and Sanguinetti, Vol. iii, pp. 335-36; cf. Elliot and Dowson, iii, p. 619.

Here is the final section of the book, containing the Index. The OCR for the Index was varied in quality; I have consolidated and cleaned the legible entries to provide a comprehensive index based on the available text.

INDEX

A

‘Abd-ul-lah, Vazīr, married Sultānah (Khadijah), 269. Abhayagiri Vihara, Fāhien on, 69; built by Waṭṭa Gāmini, 69n; the sacred tree in, 70. Abraiaman, see Brahmins. Abu Abdallah, Shaik, road to the Holy Foot-mark opened by, 224. Ab-ul-Barkāt, the Maghribī, the Maldives converted to Islam by, 255. Abulféda, Arab geographer, cites Ibn Sa’id, notices of South India by, 35, 214-25. Abu Sarūr (Barcelore), town in Malabar, 237; rich in cocoanuts, 237. Abyssinian soldiers, dominant in Indian Ocean, 231. A-che-lo (Ācāra) of West India, built a monastery in memory of his mother, 106, 107. Adam, foot of, 275; garden of, plantain trees in, 287-8; reliques of, at Cambaluc, 161; reliques of, got by Kublai Khan, 161. Adam’s Peak, foot-print on, 160n; foot-print on, cut out by Chinese and removed to Zeitun, 155n; Ibn Battūta at, 224; Ibn Battūta’s pilgrimage to, 270-71; Ibn Shahriyar on, 160n; Marco Polo on, 158; mountain of Sarandīb, 274; other names of, 69n; sepulchre of Adam on, 158; sepulchre of Sagamoni Borcan on, 158. Aden, voyage to Gujerat from, 313; voyage to Malabar from, 314. Adultery, woman guilty of, put to death in Chu-lién, 147. A-fa-lo-shih-lo, see Avaraśilā. Agriobous, (wild ox) the, Cosmos on, 87. Ahmad Ibn Majid, 36. Airi Shakarwati, see Ārya Cakravarti. Airy Shakrauty, see Ārya Cakravarti. Ajaṇṭā paintings, Pulakesin receiving Persian embassy ?, 9. Alagakkonāra, (Vijaya Bāhu), King of Ceylon, 38, 296 and n; captured by Cheng Ho, 38, 296-7. Alberuni (Al Biruni), his fable on Kikhind, 23, 132; in India, 23; on intercourse between Africa, China and India, 2. Al-daibal, 131. Alexandria, trade with India, 4-5. Amba, see Aniba. Amburan (Mango, āmra), in Ceylon, 288. Ammon-Ra, Egyptian temple of, thanks-offering by Indian in, 5n. Amoghavajra, in Ceylon, 18. Andamans (Angamanain), the, 157. Andhras (An-to-lo) the, earliest to develop a sea power, 5; Yüan-Chwang on, 98-99. Andrapolis, a port in W. India, 5. Angamanain, see the Andamans. Aniba (mango), in India the less, 200. Antioch, Indians at, met by Damaskenos, 46. An-to-lo, see Andhras. Antoninus (M. Aurelius), see ‘An-Tun’. An-Tun’ (M. Aurelius Antoninus), sent ‘ambassadors’ to Huan-ti, 7. Arabia Felix, 62. Arabian Gulf, the, sailing course of (Marcian), 62-3. Arabs, (Ta-shī), the, Homerites in the land of the, 62; in Canton, 20; in Chu-lién, 147; trade with India of, 20. Arachosii, the, a tribe in Barygaza, 54. Arattii, the, a tribe in Barygaza, 54. Argaritic, muslin exported from Argaru, 59. Argaru, (Uraiyūr), muslins exported from, 59. Argellia, (the Narikela, or cocoanuts), Cosmas on, 87-8. Argyre, island of, 41. Arhat, cremation of, 73-4; Śramaṇa of lofty virtue, 73. Arya Cakravarti (Airi Shakarwati, Airy Shakrauty), helped Ibn Battūta to go to Adam’s Peak, 224; Patlam (Baṭṭālah) capital of, 269; pirate fleet owned by, 269-70; piratical chief of Baṭṭālah, 224. Asawil, on the coast of India, 131. Ascetics, in India, Suleiman (?) on, 125. Asia, contact with Europe of, Ibn Khurdadbeh on, 21; Edrisi’s account of, 26; isthmus of, 63. Astrology in Maabar, 170. A-t’a-pi, animal presented to Chinese Emperor by envoy from Ma’bar, 155. Augustus, Caesar, embassies from Indians, Seres, Sarmatians and Scythians to, 47n; embassy from Pandion or Poros (?), 46; embassy from Pāṇḍyan (?) to, 46; Indian embassy to, 46. Avaraśilā (A-fa-lo-shih-lo), monastery, Yüan Chwang on, 100.

B

Bactriana, virtually Indian country, 2; Yüan Chwang in, 3. Badrakōṭ (Tel. Beḍadakōṭ, Bidar), fortification of, 219; the siege of, 219. Baga, on the coast of India, 131. Baghdad, the Khalif of, the Arabs’ King, Suleiman (?) on, 123; his alliance with China, 17. Bāīn, a large tank in Dahfattan, 239-40. Bairam (Perim), the Isle of, 220, 231. Bākanūr (Fākanūr), a town in Malabar, 237; Bāsadav (Vāsudeva), Sultan of, 238; right of the port in, 238; sugar-cane in, 237-8. Balāl Dev, encounter with Ghayāṣ-ud-dīn, 280; death of, 281. Balāudjer, companion of a king, 128-129n. Balharā, a sovereign of India, Ibn Khurdadbeh on, 120; P’öng-k’ié-lo (?), 146n. Balkh, the country of, Buddhism in, 3. Ballahrā, the, Suleiman (?) on, 123-4; Mankir, capital of, 124n; stands for Vallabha, 124n. Banquet, State, at Chu-lién, 143. Barcelore, see Abu Sarūr. Baroda (Bāroī), on the coast of India, 131. Barygaza, ancient drachmae in, 55; flood-tides about, 54; Periplus on, 54; tribes of, 54. Basadev, see Vāsudeva. Batigala, Saracen King of, 213. Batthalah (Patlam), Ibn Battūta at, Airi Shakarwati, ruler of, 224, 269, 276. Bawārij, pirates of Kacch and Sōmanāth, 131; their ships called bīra, and hence Bawārij, 131. Becare (Neacyndon), a harbour, 53. Bell of Justice, 28n. Belluri, a tree in India the Less; liquor prepared from, 201; birala, 201n. Bengal, see P’ong-kié-lo. Benjamin of Tudela, on Quilon and S. India, 26, 134-35. Betel (tembul), chewing of, in India, 180; betel paste containing precious substances chewed by King of Ceylon, 136; given to guests in the Maldives, 259. Beypore (mod. for Shāliyāt), 248. Bharoch (Po-lu-ka-che-p’o), Yüan Chwang on, 107; Buddhist monasteries in, 107. Bharukaccha, mariners of, 1. Bihar, I-tsing’s visit to, 15. Bihrōj (Broach), on the coast of India, 131. Birds, precious stones carried by, 85 and n; diamonds got through, 28n; used by mariners, 5n, 49. Biyyardāwal, the capital of the Coromandel, 214. Bloqui, a fruit, in India the Less, 199. Bodhi-dharma, Chinese, sailed to Canton, 14 and n. Bodhisena, South Indian Brahmin, in China, 18; in Japan (Naniwa), 18; became Sojo, 18; Baramon Sojo (Brahman Bishop), 19. Bosporus, Straits of the, pearl produced in, 61. Brahma, see Fo. Brahmins (Abraiaman, P’o-lo-men), descendants of Fo (Brahmā), 146; the fish-charmers, 163 and n; in Canton, 19; in Pan-pan, 32; of Lar, most truthful, 176; omens among, 176-7. Brazil (Sappan-wood), produced in India the Greater, 206 and n. Brazil Coilumin produced in Coilum, 180. Britain, island of, 61. Broach, see Bihrōj. Buddha, the (Fo, Sagamoni Borcan), deification of, 159; guarding the tooth of, in Ceylon, 114; Jātaka tales of, 160; sepulchre of, on Adam’s Peak, 158; the story of, 158-9. Buddhism, Javanese, Guṇavarman and, 13. Budfattan, a harbour in Malabar, 241. Bundelkhand, 219. Burma, musicians, jugglers from Ta-T’sin, in, 11n. Butkhānah, a temple of idols, Ibn Battūta’s encounter with a yogi leaning against, 232-3. Buttetsu, priest of Campā, 13; friend of Bodhisena, 18.

C

Caelobothras, of Muziris, 53. Cail, (Kāyal), a business centre, 179; chewing Tembul (betel) in, 180; Marco Polo on, 179-80. Caitya, a Vihara, 73; (Mihintale), 73n; Dharmagupta of, 73. Calicut (Ku-li, Ku-li-fo, Qālqōṭ) a trade centre, 294-5; booking passage to China from, 243; Chinese ships in, 307; frequented by Chinese ships, 221; cocoanuts in, 306; fruits of, 307; Ibn Battūta at, 223, 247, 284; Ibn Battūta sailing from Calicut to China, 221 ff; missions to China from, 298; money in, 308; Muhammadans in, 306; Mu-kuas in, 298; people of, 298; pepper in, 237, 298, 306; port (harbour) of, 220, 241; Sāmuri (Zamorin) the King (Sultan of), 220, 241; shipowner Miṣqāl in, 242; shipping arrangements at, 221; trial by ordeal in, 307; voyage to Kardafun from, 315. Camb(a)luc, Adam’s reliques at, 161; John of Monte Corvino, archbishop of, 33. Cambay (Kanbāyat, Kinbaiat, Kinbāit, Kinbayat, Kinbāyah), 214, 220, 229; on the coast of India, 131; a trade centre, 229; mansions of, 229; Muqbil, the commandant of, 229. Campā, (Champā), Indian alphabet in, 12; the kingdom of, 67; (Champanagar?), 67n; the kingdom of, embassies from, 12; Jordanus on, 211. Cannanore (Jurfattan), 239. Canton, Arabs in, 20; Brahmins in, 19; Brahmin temples and merchants in, 118; Licence office at, 24; Maritime office in, 19; Persians in, 20; Shipping office in, 23. Caoulem, see Quilon. Carmania, 62. Caspian Sea, also called Hyrcanian, 63. Castes, Seven, in India, Ibn Khurdadbeh on, 121. Celibī, Sidi Ali, Mohit, the Ocean by, 36, 313. Ceras, see Seres. Ceylon (Hsia-lan shan, Palaesimundu, Salica, Sarandib, Seilan, Seng-kia-la, Serendib, Seyllen, Sielediba, Silān, Si-lān, Singaldib, Singhala, Sirandib, Sylen, Taprobana, Taprobanê), the island of, 42, 131; the best island of its size, 157; Adam’s Foot in, 137, 296; Alagakkonāra, King of, 38, 296 and n; ambassadors to Claudius from, 50; Amburan (Mango, āmra) in, 288; Amoghavajra in, 18; articles of luxury in, 51; beasts in, 42-3; birds used by mariners of, 49; black monkeys in 272-3; the Buddha in (?), 68 and n; the Buddha relics in, 296, 300; the Buddha’s Foot in, 299; Buddhist monks of, 288-9; catching of fish off, 43; Chake baruhe (jack) in, 288; Chau Ju-kua on, 136-7; Cheng Ho in, 296-7; Chinese soldiers in, 27; cocoanut in, 288; Cosmas on, 88-92; cow-worship in, 300; elephants and horses purchased from India by King of, 91; elephants exported from, 42; embassies to China from, 19; Eratosthenes on, 47-8, 49; Fā-hien in, 67; Fā-hien on the kingdom of, 68; food of the people of, 157; guarding the Buddha’s tooth in, 114; Guṇavarman in, 77; horses from Persia to, 91; Ibn Khurdadbeh on, 119-20; John de Marignolli on, 287-9; Jordanus on, 208; justice by majority vote in, 52; Kunakar, the residence of the king of, 224; Kunar, King of, 224; Mahāvīra in, 73; Marcian’s account of, 63, 64; Marco Polo on, 157-61; maritime trade of, 89; Masudi in, 22; Megasthenes on, 41; mountain of Sarandīb in, 137, 224, 269; Muslim merchants in, 20; north-winds cause sea to submerge part of, 157; occupied by Rākṣasas, 68n; Onesikritos account of, 48; other islands and, 122; palace of king of, 136; Palaiogonoi, the inhabitants of, 41; palm groves in, 42; pearls in, 41, 68, 132, 296; pearls produced about, 68; people of, account by Chau Ju-kua, 136; the people of, no soldiers, 158; Persian Christians in, 88; Persian and Roman in, 90-91; plantain in 287-8; Pliny on, 49-52; polity of, 52; preaching in, 71; precious stones in, 157-8, 212; products of, 137; the ruby of the king of, not sold to the Great Kaan, 158; sailing course of, by Marcian, 64; Saracen troops fought for, 158; Sārīra (Buddha relics) in, 153; Scene of the history of the Buddha (?), 160; seamonsters of, 43; separated from India by river, 41; known as Sielediba in S. India, 88; silk from T’sinista (China) to, 13; called Singhala after Indian merchant Singhala, 67n; Sopater in, 89; Strabo on, 47-8; Suleiman (?) on, 122-3; Tāmralipti and, 67; tooth-relic festival in, 71-3; trade with Seres of, 51; treasuries of, 70-71; tribute to San-fo-ts’i from, 137; Vaiysa elders in, 71; Vajrabodhi in, 18; worship of Hercules in, 52; Zolu (flying leech) in, 273-4. Cha-ma-li-ting, see Jumaluddin. Champa, see Campā. Chan-hing, I-tsing’s companion in India, 15. Chaqui (jack fruit), big fruit in India the Less, 199 and n. Chau Ju-kua, Chinese author, 14; on South India, 26-7; wrote Chu-fan-chi, 26. Che-Hing, Guṇavarman at, 78; the Peak of the Vulture at, 78; temple at, 78. Cheng Ho, Ming commander, voyages to China of, 37-39; accompanied by Fei Hsin, 37; accompanied by Ma Huan, 38; capture of Alagakkonāra by, 38, 296-7. Ch’ên-na, see Dinnāga. Chen-tou (T’ien-tchou), administration of, 11; relations with Ta-T’sin, 11. Chersonese, Golden (Suvarṇa-bhūmi), India beyond Ganges, 63. China, Abu Zaid Hassan on, 21-2; alliance with Baghdad, 17; ambassador to Śrī Narasimhavarman Pōtavarman from, 117; a tablet to Narasimha from, 117; a-t’a-pi presented by Ma’bar envoy to the Emperor of, 155; booking passage from Calicut to 243; Cālukya Vallabha and, 16; Cochin and, 297; Cōla embassies to, 25; countries trading with, 25; Dharmagupta of Gujarat in, 14; embassies to, from Ceylon, 19; Chulien, 145-6, 321-5; Fu-nan, 12; Kāñcī, 16; Marcus Aurelius, 11; Narasimha, 16, 118; South India, 14, 83, 116-17, 150-56; envoys from T’ien-chu at (500-15 A.D.), 148; food in India and in, 126; Greek trade with, 7-8; houses in, 126; India compared with, (Suleiman?), 126-8; India’s relations with, 10; Jewish trade with, 21; John of Montecorvino in, 33; Kāñcī and, 44-45; the king of, Suleiman (?) on, 123; land routes to, 2; Ma’bar physician at court of, 155; Mañusri in, 18; Ma Twan-lin on, 117; Ming dynasty and, 37; missions from Calicut to, 298; Rājēndra Cōḷa’s embassy to, 26; Sanghavarmi in, 13; ships at Calicut from, 307; Śilāditya and, 16; silk from, in Ceylon, 13; soldiers of, in Ceylon, 27; South India, and, 23; Tibetans and, 16, 17; trade restriction in, 32; trade with Mediterranean lands, 7; types of ships of, 242-3; Vajrabodhi in, 18. Chittagong, voyage from Diu to, 316-18. Chittis, trading class in Cochin, 305. Chokis, see Yogis. Chopa (Campā?), 213. Cho-po (Java?), Guṇavarman in, 77. Chou K’ü-fei, account of China’s trade with other countries, by, 25; on Arab’s route to China, 25; on sea route to India being more expeditious, 14. Christianity, conversion of Indians to, by John of Montecorvino, 185; (Latins) in Maabar, 172-3; in India the Less, 204; Persian Christians in Ceylon, 88; persecuted in Upper India, 189; possibility of converting Indians to, 185; scope of conversion to, in India, 198. Christian Topography, geographical work by Cosmas, 9. Chryse, island of, 41. Ch’üan-chou, (Zeitun), temple in the city of, foot-print on Adam’s Peak removed to, 155n. Chu-fan-chī, see Chau Ju-kua. Chulam, see Quilon. Chu-li-ya (Chulya), Yüan Chwang on, 101-2; Telugu Coda kingdom, 101n; Deva Temples in, 102. Claudius, Emperor, ambassadors from Taprobane to, 50. Clothing (of Buddhist priests) in different lands, I-tsing on, 111-113. Cochin (Ko-chih), China and, 297; five classes of men in, 304-5; king of, 304; Ma Huan on, 304-5; Malaka and, 310; Mukuas in, 297, 304; Nairs, Muhammadans, Chittis of, 304; Yogis (Chokis) in, 305. Cocoanuts, (Nargil), in Ceylon, 288; in India the Less, 200-1; leaves of the, made into plates, 130; liquor prepared from, 200-1; twine from, 201. Coda, Telugu kingdom, see Chu-li-ya. Coilum, see Quilon. Coins, alloyed silver cut into, in Malabar, 139. Coir, twine from cocoanut, 201. Cōḷa kingdom (Chu-lién, Chola, Coast country, Coli), Arabs (Ta-shī) in, 147; conversion of a Cōḷa prince to Buddhism, 133; cow-dung considered clean substance in, 147; description of city of seven-fold wall, in, 142, 320; embassies to China from, 25, 145, 321-5; maritime power of, 25; merchants of Lar at, 176; ports and ships of, 59; products of, 144, 147; punishment of offenders in, 143, 320; Southern Yin-tu, 141; state banquet in, 143, 320; taxation heavy in, 144; the greatest Tamil empire, 25; war-elephants in, 144; women guilty of adultery put to death in, 147. Colchi (Korkai), pearl-fisheries of, 59. Coliacum, Cape Kory (?), 50. Colombo (Kalanbu, Kao-lang-pu), description of, 291; Jālasty lived in, 276. Columbum, see Quilon. Comorin, Cape (Comari, Ra’s Komhōri), 59, 214; account of, 182 and n.; point where Malabar ended and Maabar began, 162n. Coral, at the base of Dondera Head, 290. Coromandel, the, see Maabar. Correa, Gasper, a Portuguese in India, 24; account of China and India by, 24. Cosmas, (Indikopleustes), author of Christian Topography, 8-9. Cotton manufacture in Mōṭupalli, 175-6. Cottonara, Kolattu-nāḍu, 53n; the pepper district, 53. Cow-dung, considered clean substance in Chu-lién, 147; rubbing house with, in Maabar, 167. Cowries, constituted wealth of Maldives, 122; medium of exchange in Tién-chu, 148; used as money in the Maldives, 252-3. Cremation, of an Arhat, (Fā-hien on), 73-4.

D

Dabul, voyage to Dib island from, 314-15. Dachinabades, see Deccan. Dahfattan (Dharmapatam), in Jurfattan, 239; bāīn, a large tank in, 239-40; inscription on the leaf of a tree in, 240; products of, 239. Dakṣiṇa, see Deccan. Damaskenos, Nikolaos, met Indians at Antioch, 46. Daulatabad, dungeons in, 226; economic condition of, 227; fortress of Dwaigir (Deogiri) in, 220; Ibn Battūta at, 226; Katkah, Devaiquir (Devagir), parts of, 226; Mahrathas, the people of, 227; Malik Khaṭṭāb, prisoner in the dungeon at, 227; pearls in, 227; Quṭlu KHān, commandant of, 226; Sāha, the people of, 227; Tarb ābād (abode of rejoicing) in, 227-8; Sultan ill at, 328. Davar, Sonder Bandi, one of the five kings of Maabar; great pearls in the kingdom of, 162; pearl-fishing in Maabar, 162-3. Debts, rule about, in Maabar, 169-70. Deccan (Dachinabades, Dakṣiṇa), Fā-hien on, 13, 66-7; imports and exports of, 58; perilous to travel, 67; Periplus on, 56; the Pigeon Monastery and, 66-7; ports of, 57; towns of, 56. D’Ely, Mount, (Eli, Ely, Hily), the Kingdom of Eli, 182, 294; customs and manners of people of, 182-3; frequented by Chinese ships, 221; Mussulmans in, 239; trade centre in Malabar, 238-9. Devadasis, girls consecrated to Gods and Goddesses in Maabar, 171-2. Devagir (Deogiri, Devaiquir, Dwaigir), fortress of, 220, 226; part of Daulatabad, 226. Deva P’usa, came to Kosala from Senkgala, 96; Arya Deva, 97; visit to Nāgārjuna, 97; discussion with Uttara, 102. Deva temples in Dhanakaṭaka (?), 99-100; in Draviḍa, 102; in Kalinga, 95; in Malakūṭa, 103; in Orissa, 94. Dhanakaṭaka (?), (T’ē-Na-Che-ka), Buddhist monasteries in, Deva-temples in, 99-100; Yüan Chwang on, 99-100. Dharmagupta of Gujarat, in China, 14; of Caitya (Mihintale), 73; famous ascetic, 73n; also Dharmakoṭi, 73n. Dharmapāla P’usa (Hu-fa), preached Buddhism in Magadha, 100; Yüan Chwang on, 103; born at Kāñcī, 103. Dharmapatam (Dahfattan), 239. Dhibat-ul-Mahal, see the Maldives. Diamond, ways of getting diamonds in Mōṭupalli, 174-5. Diamond Valley, the legend of, 84; Epiphanius on, 84. Dib, the islands of, voyage from Dabul to, 314-15. Dibajāt (Laccadives and) Maldives, 122. Dinnāga (Ch’ên-na), Yüan Chwang on, 99; Arhat’s career renounced by, 99; stayed in Mahārāṣṭra monastery, 107; treatise on inference by, 99. Dinner, I-tsing’s account of, among Indian priests, 108-110. Dinūr, 275-6. Dirham, see tāṭirī. Diu, voyage to Chittagong from, 316-18; voyage to Malacca from, 315-16. Div, island opposite to Cambay, piracy in, 214. Dondera Head (Ta Fo shan), the mountain in Ceylon; coral at the base of, 290. Dosarene, region of, 60; yielding ivory, 60; (Daśarṇa, Orissa), 60n. Dosarenic, ivory known as, 60. Draviḍa, Yüan Chwang on, 102; Deva temples in, 102; Buddhist monasteries in, 102; Dharmapāla P’usa born in, 103. Dungeons in Daulatabad; ‘Dungeon of rats’, 227; Malik Khaṭṭāb, prisoner in, 227; prisoners in 226. Dunkūl, King of Kukah, 220, 232. Dvāravatī, see Ta-tch’eng-teng.

E

Edrisi, geographer, account of Asia, by, 26. Egypt, trade with India, of, 5-6. Elephant fights in India, Cosmas on, 92. Elephants, the capture of, in India the Greater, 212; exported from Ceylon, 42; in India, 120; in India the Greater, 205-6; in Kalinga, 95; in Kung Yü T’o, 95; in war, 206; war-in Chu-lién, 144; war-in Guzerat, 141; Kunār had a white elephant, 272. Eli (Ely), see D’Ely. Embalming the dead in Quilon, 135. Epiphanius, Bishop of Constantia, writings of; on Diamond Valley, 84. Eratosthenes, account of Taprobane by, 47-48, 49 Erythraean Sea, sailing course of (Marcian), 62. Europe, contact with Asia of, account by Ibn Khurdadbeh, 21.

F

Fākanūr, see Bākanūr. Fandarīnā (Fandaraina), Mussulman majority in, 241; the harbour of, 221. Farsakh, three miles, 131n. Fattan, the town of, 281. Fire, worship of, by Parsis, 203. Fish, catching of, off Ceylon, 43. Fo (Brahmā), also the Buddha, 114; Brahmins descended from, 146; the offering to, 147. Food in China and India, Suleiman (?) on, 126. Foot-mark, the Holy, first road to, opened by Abu Abdallah, 224. Fuma (Imperial son-in-law), title conferred on Wa-ni by Chinese Emperor, 153-4. Fu-nan (Ancient Cambodia), present of lieou-li to China, 12; embassies to India and China from, 12; trade with T’ién-chu, 148. Funeral, Royal, in Ceylon, Suleiman (?) on, 125. Fu-p’o-shih-lo, see Pūrvaśilā.

G

Gallus, Aelius, expedition of, to Arabia, 48; sailings to India of, 48. Galle (Qāly), 276. Gama, Vasco da, 36. Gandaraei, the, a tribe in Barygaza, 54; people of Gandhāra, 54n. Gandhar, see Qandhār. Gangetic bay, sailing course of the, Marcian’s account of, 64-5. Gedrosia, the people of, 63. Ghayāṣ-ud-dīn, Sultan of Ma’bar, 277 ff; merciless massacre of women and children by, 278-9; war with Balāl Dev, 280; killed Balāl Dev in Madura, 281; death of, 282. Goa, see Sandābūr. Gollas, King of the White Huns, 91. Govis, the, a class of beef-eating people of Maabar, 167; Saint Thomas slain by, 168; Saint Thomas shot, by mistake, by, 173. Great Bay, beyond Suvarṇabhūmi, 63. Greeks, the trade with China, trade with India of, 7-8. Guṇavarman, a Kṣatriya monk; Chinese biography of, 77-82; advice to Wen by, 79; the nuns of Ying-fou and, 81; declined Kashmir throne, 77; in China, 77-8; in Ceylon, Cho-po, (Java?), 77; in Song territory, 78; Javanese Buddhism and, 13; miracles of, 78-79; preached at Jeta Vana Vihāra, 80; death of, 82. Gushtāsp, Bahā-ud-dīn, nephew of Sultan Tughlaq; rebellion of, 216; fled to Rāī Kanbīlah, 216; capture of, flaying alive of, 217. Guzerat, (Hu-ch’a-la), Buddhist temples in, 141; people of, 140; products of, 141; trade with Ta-shī of, 141; voyage from Aden to, 313-14; war-elephants and horses in, 141.

H

Hadrian, coins of, in South India, 7-8. Hajjāj, invasion of Indus Valley by, 20. Han-lin, an officer under Malabar king, regulates diet of the king, 138. Hassan, Abu Zaid, on India and China, 21-22; on kings of India, 128-9. Hemodî mountains (Himālayas?), 51n. Hercules (Herakles), Pandaia, daughter of, 41; worshipped as God, 52. Herodotus, on India, 4. Hily (Hili), see D’Ely. Himālayas (?), Hemodi mountains, 51n. Hippalus, Egyptian pilot, discovered the monsoon, 5, 58 and n; a west wind called, 52. Hippuri, a port of Taprobanê, 50; (Kudirimalai?), 50n. Honavar (Hanaur, Hannavur, Hunawur, Onore), the town of, 214; doctrine of Shāfi’ī, practised at, 233; expedition of the king of, to Sindābūr, 223; Ibn Battūta at, 247; Malabar tributary to Jamāl-ud-dīn of, 234; maritime trade in, 234; pirate king at the city of, 220; schools in, 220, 234; Shaikh Muḥammad ul-Nāqūry entertained Ibn Battūta at, 233; women of, 233-4. Horses, Cavalry in Guzerat, 141; no breeding of, in Maabar, 168; purchase by Maabar of, 166-7; Wassaf on horses in Maabar, 168n; Wassaf on horse trade with Maabar, 166n. Houang-tche, identified with Kāñcī, 45, 319. Hindusthan, see Yin-du. Hiuen-yeou, pilgrim, I-tsing on, 115; in Ceylon, 115. Homerites, the, people of the; settled on Arab land, 62. Hormuz, Friar Odoric on, 192-3. Hoshang, rebellion of, 326. Houses, Indian and Chinese, Suleiman (?) on, 126. Hsi-lan shan, see Ceylon. Huan-ti, Emperor, Greek ambassadors to, 7. Hu-ch’a-la, see Guzerat. Hu-fa, see Dharmapāla. Huns, the White, ruled by Gollas, 91. Hyrcanian, also called Caspian Sea, 63.

I

i, twenty taels, 136 and n. Ibn Al-Fakīh, Arab writer, on India, 22. Ibn Battūta, Moorish traveller, at Adam’s Peak, 224, 270-71; at Daulatabad, 226; experience in South India of, 35, 219 ff; Hilāl, servant of, 222; Kazi of the Maldives, 224; Major on travels of, 35-6; travels in South India of, 226-285; voyage from Calicut, 221 ff, and 326. Ibn Khurdadbeh, Arab writer, 20-21; on Asia’s contact with Europe, 21; on route to the East, 119; on Ceylon, 119-20; on the seven castes in India, 121. Ibn Sa’id, cited by Abulféda often, 35. Ibrāhīm, captain of the ship, 231, 258, 268, 276. Ibrāhīm, chief merchant in Calicut, 241, 242. (I)-lang, pilgrim, I-tsing on, 114; in Ceylon, 114. Illy, Ra’s Hailī promontory of, 214. India, Abu Zaid Hassan on, 21-22; Al Biruni (Alberuni) in, 23; Al beruni on, 131-32; betel chewing in, 180; central place of, in the Indian Ocean, 1; coming of Latins predicted in, 198, 204; Chau Ju-kua on, 147-9; compared with China, (Suleiman), 126-8; cowries as medium of exchange in 148; elephants in, 120; elephant fights in, 92; embassies from Fu-nan to, 12; envoys of, in China, 148; food in China and in, 126; Gasper Correa in, 24; houses in, 126; Ibn Al-Fakīh, on, 22; Javanese trade in products of, 12-13; John of Montecorvino in, 185; Jordanus in, 33-34; Jordanus on, 188 ff; King’s court in, 148; Malaka’s relation with, 309; sailing course of, Marcian on, 63; mariners of, not good, 191; Masudi in, 22; merchants of, in Malaka, 311-12; pei-to used as paper in 149; people of, cowards at battle, 148; people of, converted to Christianity by John of Montecorvino, 185; possibility of converting people of, into Christianity, 185; products of, 148; rulers of, selected by Ta-ts’in, 147; scope for conversions to Christianity in, 198; the sea of, abounds with fish, 189; navigation in, 190; ships of, frail and uncouth, 190; Siddhānta studied by the people of, 148; Suleiman’s (?) account of, 22, 23; trade with Alexandria of, 4-5; trade with Egypt of, 5-6; trade with Fu-nan (Cambodia) of, 148; trade with Roman Empire, 93; trade with Ta-ts’in (Baghdad) of, 148; tributary to Gollas, 91; sold elephants and horses to Sielediba, 91; trade by Greeks with, 7-8; work on, by Al Biruni, 23. India, South, Abulfeda on, 35, 214; Benjamin of Tudela on, 26, 34-35; Chau Ju-kua on, 26-7, 137 ff; China and, 23; coins of Trajan and Hadrian in, 7-8; colonies of Indonesia, 12; embassies to China from, 83, 116-117, 150-56; Ibn Battūta in, 35, 226-285; Ma Twan Lin on, 93; Persia and, 9; social customs in, Ma Twan Lin on, 93; Yule on Ibn Battūta’s travels in, 219-226. India, the Greater, birds in, 207; brazil produced in, 206; capture of elephants in, 212; elephants in, 205-6; insects in, 210-11; Jordanus on, 205-213; matriarchy in, 209; pepper in, 206; sacrifice (self-immolation) in, 209; twelve kings in, 212. India, the Less, Aniba, mango, in, 200; beasts in, 199, 202; Belluri (birala), a tree in, 201; Bloqui, a fruit in, 199; Chaqui (jack fruit) in, 199; Christians in, 204; conquest of, by Saracens, 204; fighting in, 202; Jordanus on, 198-205; Nargil (cocoanut) in, 200-1; Parsis in, 203; people of, 199, 204; precious stones in, 203; sacrifice to Gods in, 204-5; Sati (burning the wife) in, 203; Tari (Palmyra) in, 201; wild beasts of, 201-2; worship of the ox in, 205. India, Upper, Christians persecuted in, 189; description of, 186-7; marriage in, 188; people of, 188, 189; pepper in, 187; worship of the ox in, 188. Indian alphabet in Campā, 12. Indian Ocean, the Abyssinians dominant in, 231; navigation of, 1; folklore of the, Sylvain Lévi on, 1-2; sailing course of (Marcian), 62-3. Indian scribe at Persian Court, 9. Indigo, manufacture of, in Coilum, 181. Indonesia, colonies of, Southern India and, 12. Indus Valley, invasion by Hajjāj of, 20. I-tsing, Bihar visited by, 15; itineraries of, 108; Nālandā visited by, 15; stay at Śrī Vijaya of, 15; on China and India, 108 ff.

J

Jalāl-ud-dīn, Sharīf, Governor of Ma’bar, 217; rebellion of, 217-18; suppression of the rebellion of, 218; Jalāl-ud-dīn Omar, Kadija, daughter of, 224. Jālansy, the Sultan of Qandhār, 231; Kāvy, a territory under, 220, 230. Jaliat (Schāliyāt) in Malabar, 214. Jamāl-ud-dīn, Sultan of Honavar, 234; dress of, meal of, 234-5; expedition to Sandābūr, 247-8; Khadija, wife of, 224; death of, 269. Jamaluddin (Cha-ma-li-ting), envoy from Ma’bar at Mongol court, 150, 151. Japan, Tamil influence on Katakana alphabet of, 12n. Japanese alphabet, Sanskrit influence on, 19. Java (Cho-po), 77; passage to, Fā-hien’s account of, 75-6; trade in Indian products by, 12-13. Jewellery, Maabar king’s, 164. Jewish merchants, trade with many lands, of, 21. Jogis, see Yogis John of Marignolli, in Quilon, 34, 286-7; on Ceylon, 287 ff. John of Montecorvino, archbishop of Cambluc, 33; conversion of Indians by, 185; criticism of Indian life by, 33; in China, 33; in India, 185; Nicholas of Pistoia, companion of, 185; on Indian navigation, 33. Jordanus, Friar, letters of, 33-34; Bishop of Quilon, 34; mention on Parsis in India by, 34; on India, 198 ff. Junks, biggest of Chinese vessels, 220, 242. Jurfattan (Cannanore), Kōyal, the Sultan of, 239; port for pearl trade, 295.

K

Kacch, on the coast of India; mukl-tree grows in, 131. Kadal-kaṭṭi (sea-binders), the shark-charmers, 163n. Kain colan, see Kāyangulam. Kakam, a small Chinese ship, 220, 242. Kalinga (Ka-leng-ka), Yüan Chwang on, 95-96; Deva temples in, 95; elephants in, 95. Kampila (Kanbīlah), the siege of, 216; the fall of, 217; Bahā-ud-dīn Gushtāsp fled to, 216; death of the Rāī, 217, 326. Kāñcī and China in the second century B.C.; Pan Kou’s account of, 44-45, 319; embassies to China from, 16; identified with Houang-Tche (of Pan Kou), 45; capital of Drāviḍa, 102; Dharmapāla P’usa’s birth place, 103; Narasimha, King of, 117. Kandahar, the city of, 220. Kanji-kari, inhabited by Jews, 245; tributary to Kūlam, 245. Kannalūs, an island in the Maldives, 257. Kao-lang-pu, see Colombo. Kardafun, voyage from Calicut to, 315. Katkah (Skt. Kaṭaka, camp), part of Daulatabad, 226. Kawa (Kavy, Kawe), part of Rai Jalansy’s territory, 220, 230. Kāyal (Cail), the city of, Marco Polo on, 179-80; a business centre, 179. Kāyangulam (Kain Colan), 293. Khadījah (Kadija), daughter of Jalāl-ud-dīn ‘Umar, Sovereign of the Maldives, 224, 256; Jamāl-ud-dīn, husband of, 224; married Vazīr Abd-ul-lah, 269. Khordadbeh, ancestor of Ibn Khurdadbeh, 21. Khusru II, Sassanian, correspondence with Pulakesin II, 9. Kia Tan, Chinese geographer, land route from Annam to India by, 14. Kien Tchen (Kanshin) on Brahmin temples and merchants in Canton, 118. Kihkind, mountains of monkeys, 132; king of monkeys at, 132; men changed into monkeys by Rāma, 132. Ki-lo Ta-nung, trade with Nan-p’i of, 139. Kish, island of, Benjamin of Tudela on, 134-5; a considerable market, 134; Jews in, 134. Ko-chih, see Cochin. Konkana (Kung-kan-na-pu-lo) Yüan Chwang on, 104-5. Kory, Cape (Coliacum?), 50n. Kosala, the Southern, Yüan Chwang on, 96-7; Nāgārjuna in, 96. Kōyal, the King of Jurfattan, 239. Kublai Khan, Chinese Emperor, 151-2. Adam’s reliques got by, 161; embassy of, to Ceylon, 161; envoys from several countries at the court of, 152-3; Great Khan of the Mongols, 27; Kales Dewar and, 28, 29-30; Marco Polo at the court of, 30-31; his missions to Ma’bar for rare and precious things, 154; relations with Kulaśekhara Pāṇḍya, 151-2. Kudirimadai, see Hippuri. Kukah, see Qūqah. Kulan, see Quilon. Kulaśekhara Pāṇḍya (Kales Dewar), his secret message to Chinese Emperor, 151; Sundar and Tira Pandis, sons of, 29; Kublai Khan and, 28, 29-30, 151-2; Wassaf on, 28-30. Ku-li, see Calicut. Ku-li-fo, see Calicut. Kunakar, the King of Ceylon’s residence, 224. Kunar, King of Ceylon, 224; a white elephant owned by, 272; the Sultan of Kunkār, 272. Kung-Yü To, Yüan Chwang on, 95; round Chilka lake, 95n; Deva Temples in, 95; elephants in, 95. Kunkār, precious stones in, gems called bahramān in, 272; Kunār, the Sultan of, 272. Kyan-zitthā, of Prome, 26; conversion of a Cōḷa prince referred to in an inscription of, 133.

L

Lake, the, in Mobar, 196; gold and silver cast into, 196. Lar, the Province of, Marco Polo on, 176-9; Brahmins of, 176; merchants of, at Soli (Cōḷamaṇḍalam), 176; omens among Abraiaman of, 176-7. Latins, the coming of, predicted in India, 198, 204; in Quilon, 286-7. Leech, flying (Zolu), in Silān, 273-4. Lévi, Sylvain, on the geographical cantos in the Rāmāyaṇa, 1; on the folklore of the Indian Ocean, 1-2. Liquor, prepared from cocoanut tree, 200-1; from Tari (Palmyra), 201. Loahc, an intoxicating wine in Tāna, 193. Lōharānī, on the coast of India, 131. Lohu-na (Rāhula?), an Indian priest in China, 149; built Buddhist shrine in China, 149. Lo-tsa-lo-tsa, see Rājarāja.

M

Maabar (the Coromandel, Ma’bar, Mobar), Abulfeda on, 214-15; astrology in, 170; a-t’a-pi presented to Chinese emperor by envoy from, 155; body-guard of the King of, 165 and n; boys in trade in, 170-171; car festival in, 196; Christians in, 172-3; climate of, 170; custom of sacrificing oneself in, 197; devastation in, 171-2; five kings in, 162; food and habits of the people of, 167; Ghayāṣ-ud-dīn, the Sultan of, 277 ff; gold and silver cast into a lake in, 196; harem of the king of, 164-5; houses of, rubbed with cow-dung, 167; Ibn Battūta in, 276-7; jewellery of the king of, 164; Jumaluddin of, at Mongol court, 150-51; justice in, 169; Marco Polo on, 161-74; missions at Mongol court from, 150; Odoric on, 195-6; omens in, 170; Pacauta, prayer of the king of, 164; personal habits of the people of, 169; physician from, at Chinese court, 155; purchase of horses by, 166-7; rebellion of Jalāl-ud-dīn, in, 217-18; rule about debts in, 169-70; St. Thomas’ body lies in, 172, 195; no tailor in, 163; treasure of the king of, 165 and n; war in, hair of ox worn by soldiers in, 173-4; Wassaf on, 162n; worship of the ox in, 173; Yang Ting-pi at, 150. Madras, coast of, (Tién-chu), 147n. Madura (Modura), Ibn Battūta in; contagious disease in, 281; Ghayāṣ-ud-dīn in, 281. Maebar, see Upper India Mahal, an island in the Maldives; the Sultānah and her husband dwelt in, 258; Ibn Battūta’s plan to leave prevented, 261; Ibn Battūta leaving and his motive therefor, 265-7. Mahārāṣṭra (Mo-ha-la-ch’a), Yüan Chwang’s account of, 105-6; Buddhist monasteries in, 106 Mahā Vihāra in Ceylon, 73. Mahrathas, the kingdom of, 213; inhabitants of Naẓarbār, 228; marriage among, 228; people of Daulatabad, 227; women of, 227. Ma Huan, Chinese Muslim, voyages of; accompanied Cheng Ho, 38-39, 299 ff. Major, R. H., estimate of Marco Polo’s travels by, 31-2; on Ibn Battūta’s travels, 35-6. Malabar (Melibar, Minibar, Molebar, Monembar, Nan-p’i), Abulfeda on, 214; Abu Sarūr (Barcelore) town in, 237; Bākanūr (Fākanūr) in, 237; Budfattan in, 241; Chau Ju-kua on, 137 f; coins of, 139; gardens in, 236; Hily (D’Ely), a trade centre in, 238-239; justice in, 236; kings of, 236-7; Mangalore (Manjarūr) in, 238; Marco Polo on, 183-4; matriarchy in, 237; merchants of, 236; Mié-a-mo, capital of, 137; Mussulmans and the people of, 235; Nan-p’i (Nairs) of, 137 f., 325; Odoric on, 193-4; palanquin in, 236; people of, Chau Ju-kua on, 138; pepper in, 212, 235, 237; how pepper got in, 193-4; pirates of, 183-4; products of, 138, 139, 184; ruler of, 137-8; Han-lin, an officer in; officers of; women guards of the ruler of, 138; Schāliyāt (Jaliat) in, 214; Schinkilī in, 214; ships from Manzi at, 184; tributary to Jamāl-ud-dīn of Hanaur, 234; voyage from Aden to, 314. Malacca (Malaka), Indian merchants in, 311-12; relation with India of, 309; voyage from Diu to, 315-16. Malakūta (Mo-lo-kū-t’a), Yüan Chwang on, 103-4; Deva temples in, 103. Maldives, the (Dhibat-ul-Mahal, Male-diva), betel given to guests in, 259; conversion to Islam of the people of, 255; cowries as money in, 252-3; dar, the hall of audience in, 257; exports from, 252; food in, 249; houses in, 251; KHadījah, the sovereign of, 224, 256; marriage customs in, 251; Mussulmans all in, 249; officers in, 257; people of, their habits, 250-1, 302; products of, 302-3; Qāẓī, an officer in, 257; Shinūrāzah, the Sultan of, 255; slave girls in, 260; story of evil spirits in, 254-5; temporary marriage in, 254; women in, 253; women with one breast in, 268. Maldives and Laccadives, Suleiman (?) on, 122. Malwa, 219. Manar, the Gulf of, pearl-fishing in, 291-2. Mangalore (Mañarūr), 219, 238; Mussulmans in, 238; Rāma-deva (Rām-dav), the Sultan of, 238. Mani (pearl), rosaries made of, 68n. Manifattan, a town of Coromandel, 214. Mañarūr, see Mangalore. Mañjuśrī, in China, 18. Mankīr, capital of Balharā, 124n. Manzi, ships at Malabar from, 184. Marcian of Heraclea, 8; on sailing courses of India, Ceylon, etc., 62 ff. Marcus Aurelius, embassy to China, 11. Mariners of India, not good, 191; birds used by mariners of Ceylon, 49. Marriage, in Chu-lién, 143-4, 320; in Upper India, 188; among the Mahrathas, 228; in India and China, Suleiman (?) on, 125-6; temporary, in the Maldives, 254; in the Maldives, 251; in Tāna, 192-3. Masalia, region of, 60; (Maisolia), great Andhra market, 60n. Masūdi, travelled in India and Ceylon, 22. Matriarchy, in India the Greater, 209; in the Malabar, 237. Ma-Twan-lin, on embassies to China from India, 14, 16, 117, 321-5; on Hoang-tchi, 319; on Tchu-lien, 319-25; on Nan-p’i, 325. Megasthenes, on the Pāṇḍyan Kingdom, 4; on Ceylon and on India, 41 ff. Megisba, lake in Ceylon (?), 50. Meros, mountain, in Pāṇḍya, 41; sacred to Jupiter, 41. Mesanites, the bay of, 62. Mié-a-mo, capital of Malabar, 137. Mihintale, the sacred hill of, 73n; Dharmagupta of, 73. Ming-yuen, pilgrim, I-tsing on, 113-114; in Ceylon, 113-14; in India 114. Mirror, a, from Western India, Chang Yue on, 84-5; at Fu-nan, 84; made of stones, 85. Miṣqāl, a ship-owner in Calicut, 242. Mohit, the Ocean, a Turkish work on navigation in Indian Seas, 36, 313; extracts from, 313-8. Monastery, Pigeon, rock-cut, in Dakṣiṇa, Fā-hien on, 66-7; called Pārāvata, 66. Monembar, see Malabar. Mongol court, Jumaluddin at, 150, 151; missions from Ma’bar at, 150; mission from ten kingdoms of the south at, 155; last missions to and from, 156. Mon inscription, a Cōḷa prince’s conversion to Buddhism referred to in 26, 133. Monkeys, black, in Silān, 272-3; the king of the, 273; Kihkind, the mountains of, 132. Moschus (Musk-deer), Cosmas on, 87; called kastouri, 87. Mōṭupalli (Mutfili), the kingdom of, Marco Polo on, 174-5; cotton manufacture in, 175; diamond mines, and how diamond is got, 174-5; Rudrāmbā, queen of, 174 and n. Muḥammad ul-Nāqūry, Shaikh, entertained Ibn Battūta at Hanaur, 233. Mukl-tree, grows in Kacch, 131. Mulūk, the island of, Ibn Battūta in, 268; marvels of, 268. Muqbil, the Tilingi, commandant of Kinbāyah, 229; Ibn Battūta entertained by, 230. Mussulmans, the, in Ceylon, 20; in Mangalore, 238; in Quilon, 215; majority of population in Fandarīnā, 241; people of Malabar and, 235. Muziris, mart of India, 53; mariners of, 1.

N

Nāgārjuna P’usa, in Kosala, 96; visited by Ārya Deva, 97; death of, 97. Nairs, of Cochin, 304; and see Malabar. Nālandā, I-tsing at, 15. Nanking, Guṇavarman at, 79. Nan-ni-hua-lo (in Sindh), Brahmins in, 146. Nan-p’i, see Malabar. Narasimhavarman II (Rājasimha), King of Kāñcī, embassies from and to China, 16, 116, 117. Nargil, see Cocoanut. Nāṣir-ud-dīn, successor to Ghayāṣ-ud-dīn, 282 ff. Na-wang, envoys at Kublai’s court from, 153. Naẓarbār, a town, inhabited by Mahrathas, 228. Neacyndon (Becare), 53. Necessaries, the thirteen, of a priest, I-tsing on, 112n. Nicobars, the (Tsui-lan shan), the people of, 299. Nitrias, pirates of, 53. Nubehar, Buddhist convent in Balkh; destroyed by Islamic forces, 3. Nuns of Song territory, correspondence with Guṇavarman, 81. Nuṣrat KHān, lieutenant in Tiling, 219; rebellion of, 219; surrender of, to Quṭlu KHān, 219.

O

Odoric of Pordenone, on Hindu Customs, 33, 192 ff. Omens, among the Abraiaman of Lar, 176-7; in Maabar, 170. Onesikritos, account of Ceylon by, 48. Onore, see Hunavar. Ordeal, trial by, in Calicut, 307. Orissa (Wu-t’u), Yüan Chwang on, 94; Deva temples in, 94. Ou-hing, pilgrim, I-tsing on, 115; at Nāgapatana, Ceylon, 115. Ox, the hair of, worn in war, 174; worship of, by Yogis, 178; worship of, in India the Less, 205; worship of, in Quilon, 194; worship of, in Upper India, 188; worship of, in Maabar, 167, 173. Oxus, the, an Indian river, 2. Ozene, Ujjēnī (Pāli), 55n, trade centre in Barygaza, 55.

P

Pacauta, prayer of King of Maabar, 164; Bhāgavata (?), Acyuta, 164n. Paethana (mod. Paithān), market town of, 56. Palaesimundu, 59-60; derived from Pālisīmanta, 60n. Palaesimundus, city in Ceylon, 50; also a river, 50. Palaiogonoi, inhabitants of Taprobanê, 41. Pallava Kingdom, Arabs and Tibetans enemies of, 17. Palm groves, in Taprobanê, 42. Palmyra (Tari), liquor prepared from, 201. Pandaia, daughter of Hercules (Herakles), 41. Pandion, King, embassy to Augustus (?), 46; at Madura, 53. Pāṇḍya, Megasthenes on, 41. Pāṇḍyan (?) embassy to Augustus, (Strabo), 46. Pāṇḍyan King, Kulaśekhara, secret message to Chinese Emperor from, 151. Panjayāvar, city of, Tañjāvūr (?), 131. Pan Kou, his Ts’ien han-chou, 44; on China and Kāñcī, 4, 44-5. Pan-pan (in Malay Peninsula) 33n; Brahmins in, 32. Pan Yong, Chinese General, account of India by, 10-11. Papyrus, Oxyrhynchus, Kanarese words in ?, 6n. Pārāvata (Po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li), see Pigeon Monastery, 66, 98. Parsis, in India, Jordanus on, 34; disposal of the dead by, 203; in India the Less, 203; worship of fire by, 203. Parwan, Yogis of, 219. Patlam, see Baṭṭālah. Pearls, in Ceylon, 41, 132; in Daulatabad, 227; in the kingdom of Molepoor (Molephatam), 212; produced about Ceylon, 68; treasure of Indian Kings, 129; of Hoang-tchi, 319. Pearl-fishing, 61 (AEl). Pearl-fishing in Maabar, 162-3; in the Gulf of Manar, 291-2. Pei-to leaves, writing on, 93; used as paper, 149. Pelliot, Paul, on Pan Kou, 4. Pepper, cultivation of, in Malabar, 237; how got in Malabar, 193; plantation in Quilon of, 135; produced in Coilum, 180; in Columbum, 286; in India the Greater, 206; in Molebar, 212; in Upper India, 187. Perim, see Bairam. Perimuda, city of, governed by Soras, 61; fish-eaters of, 61. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 7. Persia, Indian scribe at the court of, 9; South India and, 9. Persians in Canton, 20 Persian and Roman, at Ceylon, 90-91. Persis, the province of, 62. Piper-Pepper, Indian, Cosmas on, 87. Pirates, of Malabar, 183-4; of Div, 214. Plantain in Adam’s Garden, 287-8. Pliny, 7; on Ceylon and India, 49 ff. Poclais, the people of, 54; (Cf. Skt. Puṣkalāvatī), 54n. P’o-lo-men, see Brahmin. Po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li, a mountain, 97; Bhramaragiri (?), 97n; Śrī Parā-vata, 97n. Polumbum, see Quilon. P’öng-k’ié-lo (Bengal or Balhara), Chau Ju-kua on, 146 and n. Port, the right of the, 238. Preaching in Ceylon, 71. Ptolemy, 7. Pulakesin II (Pu-lo-ki-she, Pulakesi), king of India, Tabari’s account of, 9; letter to Khusru from, 9; Parameśvara of the south, 9-10n; not subject to Śīlāditya, 106. Punishment of criminals and offenders in Chu-lién, 143. Pūrvaśilā (Fu-p’o-shih-lo), monastery, Yüan Chwang on, 100. Puṣkalāvatī (Skt.), capital of Gāndhāra, 54n. Pu-ta-lo-ka (Potalaka), mountains, Yüan Chwang on, 104.

Q

Qālqōṭ, see Calicut. Qāly (Galle), 276. Qandhār (Gandhar), the city of, 230; Jālansy the Sultan of, 231. Qattārah, a kind of dagger, 229. Qāẓī, an officer in the Maldives, all sentences to proceed from, 257; Ibn Battūta made, 263. Quilon (Caoulem, Chulam, Coilum, Columbum, Kulan, Polumbum), beasts of, 181; Benjamin on, 26, 134-5; brazil Coilumin produced in, 180; Chinese ships frequented, 221; coins of gold and silver in, 140; embalming dead bodies in, 135; envoy at Kublai’s court from, 152-3; extreme heat in, 134; Ibn Battūta at, 245; Ibn Battūta on, 222-23; indigo manufacture in, 181; John of Marignolli in, 34, 286-87; Kanji-kari, tributary to, 245; the king of, 212; Latins in, 286-7; Marco Polo on, 180-2; men of, fond of archery, 140; Muhammadan merchants in, 245; Mussulmans in, 215; Odoric on, 194-5; people and government of, 134-5; people of, and their customs, 180, 181-182; people of, anoint body with Yü-kin, 140; the pepper country, 214, 215; pepper in, 135, 180, 286; products of, 140; Sōlis, the merchants of, 245; South Indian port, 25; the Sultan of, a stern ruler, 246; great numbers of Ta-shī in, 140; Tirawari, king of, 223; Tirwari (Tiruvadi), the Sultan of, 245; Wa-ni, king of, 153-4; worship of the ox in, 184; Yang Ting-pi at, 150. Qūqah (Kukah), the city of, 231-2; Dunkūl, the Sultan of, 232; bazaars at, 220.

R

Rachia (Rajah), ambassador in Rome, 50. Rāhula, see Lohu-na. Rājarāja I (Lo-tsa-lo-tsa), Cōḷa Emperor, 25, 145n, 320n, 324-5. Rājasimha, see Narasimhavarman II. Rājēndra Cōḷa, Śrī, embassy to China from, 26. Rākṣasas (Rakṣas), Singhala, occupied by, 68n. Rāma-deva, see Rām-dav. Rāmāyaṇa, the, geographical cantos of, 1; Sylvain Lévi on, 1-2. Rām-dav (Rāma-deva), the Sultan of Manjarūr, 238. Rāmsher (Rameshar?), on the coast of India, opposite Sarandib, 131. Ra’s Hailī, promontory of Illy, 214. Ra’s Komhōrī (Cape Comorin), 214. Requisites, six, of a priest, I-tsing on, 111-12n. Rhinoceros, Indian animal, Cosmas on, 86; Arou, Harisi (Ethiopian), 86. Roman and Persian, in Ceylon, 90-91. Roman Empire, India’s contacts with, 3; Roman coins influenced Kuṣān and Kṣatrapa coinage, 55n; trade with India of, 5, 93; musicians and jugglers of Ta-tsin (E. Roman Empire) in Burma, 11n. Ruby, the biggest, possessed by King of Seilan, 158. Rudrāmbā, Queen of Mōṭupalli, 174. Rum (Byzance), the king of, Suleiman (?) on, 123.

S

Sachalites, the bay of, 62; (from Arabic Sahil, coast), 62n. Sacred tree, the, in Abhayagiri Vihāra, 70; grew from patra slip, 70; Bo tree, 70n. Sagamoni Borcan, see the Buddha. Sāghār, the city of, description of, 228. Sāha (Skt. Sārthavāha), the people of Daulatabad called, 227. Sāmuri (Samari, Zamorin), the Sultan of Calicut, 220, 241. Sandābūr (Goa), the island of, 232; Jamāl-ud-dīn’s expedition to, 247; conquest of, 248. Sandanes, title of Kuṣān king, not Sandares, 56n. San-fo-t’si, trade with Nan-p’i, of, 139; tribute from Ceylon to, 137. Sangha Varmi, Ceylonese monk, in China, 13. Saracen King of Batigala, 213; conquest of India the Less by the Saracens, 204. Sarandib, see Ceylon. Sārīra (Buddha relics), in Ceylon, 153. Sārthavāha, merchant prince, 71n; also So-po, 71; (Sāha), 227. Sati in India the Less, 203. Schāliyāt (Jaliat), in Malabar, 214. Schools for boys and girls in Honavar, 220, 234. Seilan, see Ceylon. Self-immolation (sacrifice), in Maabar, 167; in India the Greater, 209. Sendemain, King of Ceylon, Candramas (?), 157. Seng-kia-la, see Ceylon. Serendib, see Ceylon. Seres, (Ceras?), 51n; trade with Taprobanê, 51. Setubandha, ‘bridge of the ocean’, 132. Seyllan, see Ceylon. Shāfi’ī, the doctrine of, practised at Honavar, 233. Shālyāt (mod. Beypore), 248. Shatijam (Chittagong), 316. Shinūrāzah, the Sultan of the Maldives, converted to Islam, 255. Ships, three types of, of China, 242-3; return-tickets in, 221; shipping arrangement at Calicut, 221; of India, frail and uncouth, 190. Shirin, consort of Khusru II, 9. Siddhānta (Seihthan), written on leaves, studied by Indians, 93 and n; 148. Sielediba, see Ceylon. Śīlāditya, and China, 16. Si-lan, see Ceylon. Sinae, the people of the, 63; Thinae, the metropolis of, 63. Singaldib, see Ceylon. Singhala, see Ceylon. Sirandib, see Ceylon. Soli (Cōḷa-maṇḍalam), merchants of Lar at, 176. Sōlis, the merchants in Quilon, 245. Song territory, Guṇavarman in, 78. Sopater, Roman, in Ceylon, 89. Sophen, see Subhānu. So-po, see Sārthavāha. Soras (from Sōḷa—Tam.), 61n; ruler of Perimuda, 61. Spirits, Evil, story of, in the Maldives, 254-5. Śramaṇa, 73. Stones, precious, 84; birds carry, method of getting, 85; mirror made of, 85; pool of, 224; beneath the mountain of Sarandib, 275. Sūbāra (Sopara), on the coast of India, 131. Subhānu (Sophen), a Hindu traveller in Egypt, 6n. Sufāla, in Zanj, pearls in, 132. Suleiman (?) on India, 22, 122 ff. Sundara (Suan-tan), Kulaśekhara Pāṇḍya’s enemy, 151. Sundar Pandi, legitimate son of Kales Devar, 29; driven away by brother Tira Pandi, 29-30. Sūrpāraka, mariners of, 1. Susiana, the province of, 62. Suvarṇa-bhūmi (Golden Chersonese), 63. Syagrus, the mountain of, 62; also Saukar, Arabic tribe-name, 62n. Sylon, see Ceylon.

T

Tabarī, Persian historian, account of Pulakesi by, 9. Tagara (Ter?), market-town of, 56. Taim, Hilal, Governor of, 258. Takuā-pā, Tamil inscription of, 19. Tāmralipti, modern Tam-look, 67n; Fā-hien on Ceylon and, 67; Ta-tch’eng-teng at, 115. Tāna, on the coast of India, 131; beasts in, 192; Loahc, an intoxicating wine at, 193; marriage customs in, 192-3; Odoric on, 192-3. Tao-lin, pilgrim, I-tsing on, 115; in South India, 115. Taprobana(e), Sumatra (?), 50n; see Ceylon. Tarb ābād (abode of rejoicing), the bazaar of singers in Daulatabad, 227-8. Ta-tch’eng-teng, pilgrim, I-tsing on, 114-15; at Dvāravatī, 114-15; at Tāmralipti, 115. Tāṭirī (dirham), Ballahrā’s money, 123. Ta-t’sin, see Roman Empire Taurelaphos, animal Indian, Ethiopian (Cosmas on), 86; (Bull-stag, ox-deer), 86. Tawalleshar, on the coast of India, 131. Taxation, heavy in Chu-lién, 144. Tche-houan, temple (Jetavana Vihāra), 80. Telenc, kingdom of, products of, 212. Tembul (betel), chewing of, in Cail, 180; see also Betel. Thinae, metropolis of the Sinae, 63. Thomas, Saint, body of, lies in Maabar, 172, 195; called Avarian (Holy man) by Saracens, 172; miracles done by, 172-3; slain by Govis, 168; story of the death of, 173; shot by mistake by a Govi, 173. Tibetans (Thufan) and China, 16, 17. T’ien-chu, see India. Tiling, the country of, Badrakōṭ, the capital of, 218; pestilence to Emperor’s army at, 218-19; the rebellion of the Sultan’s lieutenant in, 219; of Malik Hoshang, 326. Tira Pandi, son of Kales Dewar, 29, 30; drives Sundar Pandi and becomes king, 30. Tirwari (Tiruvadi), the Sultan of Quilon, 245; a stern ruler, 223, 245, 246. Tiz, capital of Makrān, coast of India begins with, 131. Tortoises, shells of, for house roofs, 42. Trajan, coins of, in South India, 7-8. Tughlaq, Sultan, Bahā-ud-dīn Gushtāsp’s rebellion against, 216. Tūrān, Gulf of, between Tiz and Al-daibal, 131. Turtles, shells of, used for roofs, 52. Twine (coir) from cocoanut, 201.

U

Uigur-I-hei-mi-shih, his attempts to get the Buddha relics unsuccessful, 153-5. Ummalnāra on the coast of India, 131. Uraiyūr, see Argaru. Uttara, Arhat, discussion with Deva P’usa, 102 and n.

V

Vaisya elders in Ceylon, 71. Vajrabodhi, monk, 17; brought rain by prayer, 18; in Ceylon and China, 18. Vallabha Cālukya and China, 16. Vallabha, see Ballahrā. Vasudeva (Bāsadav), Sultan of Fākanūr, 238. Vazīr, the Grand, of Mahal; Ibn Battūta’s relations with, 258 ff. Vedas, recited by Brahmins, 113. Vēḷaikkārar, bodyguard of king of Maabar, 165n, 129n.

W

Wang-ta-yüan, Chinese merchant, wrote Tao-i-chi-lio, 36-7, 290 ff. Wa-ni, King of Kūlam, title ‘Fuma’ conferred by Chinese Emperor on, 153-4. War, in Maabar, hair of ox worn by soldiers in, 173-174; in Tchu-lien, 321. Watta Gāmini, see Abhayagiri Vihāra. Wen, Chinese Emperor, invited Guṇavarman, 77; Guṇavarman’s advice to, 79. Worship, Indian and Chinese forms of, 126-7. Wu-t’u, see Orissa.

Y

Yang Ting-pi, Chinese envoy at Ma’bar, 150; at Quilon (Kūlam), 150; expeditions of, 150-5. Yin-du (Hindusthan), account of, 27-28n. Yogis (Chokis, Chughis, Jogis), in Cochin, 305; in Parwan, 219; Ibn Battūta’s encounter with, 220, 232; ox worshipped by, 178; long-lived yogis of Lar, 177-9. Yüan Chwang, in Bactriana, 3; travels in India of, 14-15, 94 ff. Yü-kin (turmeric), people of Quilon anoint body with, 140. Yunnan, king of, alliance with China of, 17.

Z

Zamorin (Samari), the king of Calicut, 220, 241. Zanj, country of, Sufāla in, 132. Zao (Zū), a middle-sized Chinese ship, 220, 242. Zarmanochegas, an Indian from Bargosa, 47. Zeitun (Ch’üan-chou), temple in the city of; foot-print on Adam’s Peak removed to, 155n. Zibat-ul-Mahal (Maldives) the, 249. Zolu, flying leech in Silān, 273-4.

END OF BOOK